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The Alphabet of Ben Sira Introduction
"The Alphabet of Ben Sira," an anonymous
medieval work, has been preserved in several versions, which differ in both
major and minor details. A composite text, its core is a series of
twenty-two aphorisms arranged in alphabetical order and organized into a
rough narrative. In most versions the alphabet is preceded by the
fantastic and provocative story of the conception and birth of Ben Sira and
his early education. The final section of the work deals with Ben Sira
in the court of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar and consists of another
series of twenty-two episodes. These comprise the various ordeals that
Nebuchadnezzar sets for Ben Sira and the stories, many of them fables, that
Ben Sira tells Nebuchadnezzar in answer to various questions posed by the
king.
Based on internal evidence, "The Alphabet"
was composed in one of the Muslim countries sometime during the geonic
period, possibly as early as the eighth century. The fact that this
work originated in a non-Christian country strongly militates against the
theory that the account of the miraculous birth and prodigious childhood of
Ben Sira was intended as a parody on the life and childhood of Jesus as
found in the Infancy Gospels or as found in their Jewish version, Toledot
Yeshu. The Jews of a non-Christian country had neither the need of
nor the interest in such an enterprise. So we must look for its source
elsewhere.
"The Alphabet" is composed in the style of
an aggadic midrash and treats various biblical characters and rabbinic
motifs irreverently, at times almost to the point of inanity. This
fact has led some scholars to conclude that the work was composed as an
antirabbinic tract intended to disparage the genre of aggadah. In
fact, parts of "The Alphabet" clearly parody not merely the genre of aggadah
but specific passages in the Talmud and midrash. Indeed, "The
Alphabet" may be one of the earliest literary parodies in Hebrew literature,
a kind of academic burlesque - perhaps even entertainment for rabbinic
scholars themselves - that included vulgarities, absurdities, and the
irreverent treatment of acknowledged sancta.
"The Alphabet" was read as popular
entertainment in most rabbinic communities throughout the Middle Ages.
In some quarters, however, it enjoyed an unusual respectability. The
famous thirteenth-century tosafist Rabbi Peretz of Corbeil, France, used the
account of Ben Sira's conception as a source to demonstrate the halakhic
permissibility of artificially inseminating a woman with her father's sperm
(as cited by the Taz in the Shulhan Arukh, Yoreh Deah 195:7).
Admittedly, this case was exceptional. As a rule, the work was treated
in high rabbinic circles with deprecatory neglect - even while some scholars
had no objections to savoring its contents.
The present translation is based upon the
version first published by M. Steinschneider and reprinted in Eisenstein's
Otsar Midrashim (1915; reprint, Israel: no publisher, 1969), 1:43-50.
The Alphabet of Ben
Sira excerpt
WR's Note: I have only included the passage
specific to Lilith. The book contains the entire work.
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